فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 42 (زمستان 1400)

Everyone's sense of attachment to their home and place of residence can have a significant impact on rural communities. Location ownership among rural households is also an important factor in shaping user-environmental relationships that will lead to the creation of quality environments in rural areas. This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical approach with a sample size of 450 people from rural areas in Rudbar. The data collection tools used in this study included: library studies to collect information on research literature and then field research through observation and questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is Kurdish villages of Gilan province located in Rudbar city with 18 villages and total population of 2955 (based on Census 2016). Using Morgan table, 450 samples were selected. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated to be 0.874 for the sense of placeholder indices and 0.915 for the social capital indices based on Cronbach's alpha. In this study, we used Kiiging method for zoning social capital and social capital. In other words, the method of data analysis is based on spatial statistics. The results show that the spatial distribution of attachment to the place is north and south, and the villages in the center to the southwest have the least attachment and the northern villages have the best situation. In terms of spatial distribution of social capital, the best situation is in the central part of the villages and the least spatial distribution in the southwest and to some extent in the southeast.

Surface temperature is one of the important indicators in the study of models of energy balance at the surface and interactions between the earth and the atmosphere on a regional and global scale. Today, satellite imagery in thermal infrared and red wavelengths is a good source of information for water and land surface thermal mapping due to its extensive coverage. Today, the phenomenon of thermal islands in cities causes many human and financial losses to citizens. One of the problems in cities is that to study and control this phenomenon, you can use appropriate satellite images and identify and manage the infected parts of the city. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to prepare the changes made in urban constructions and the uncontrolled increase of buildings and their relationship with the ground surface temperature using the data of ETM and OLI sensors of Landsat satellite in 2002 and 2019 for Tehran. In this study, the Gram_Schmidet method, which was developed to combine these images, was used. And data for 2002 and 2019, all captured in winter, were prepared, analyzed and evaluated. Correlation coefficient and kappa coefficient indices have been used to verify the method and classification accuracy. The results show; The VbSWIR_BI and IBI indices have the highest accuracy compared to other indices while the results of VbSWIR_BI index show the temporal and spatial changes of Tehran in an acceptable result. Also, according to the results obtained through the surface temperature, with the increase in construction, the increase in temperature in Tehran has been extended to the northern and central regions of the city.

Throughout history, human has always been relied on his environment to provide his basic needs. Defining suitable use to optimize utilization of land as well as prevention of land destruction by population increase may be a useful step to achieve the goals of sustainable development. For this manner, it is also necessary to consider the land potential. In order to fulfill the goal of sustainable development it is worth to use the capabilities of GIS to increase the speed and accuracy of the environmental assessment. In this study the capabilities of Taleghan watershed is processed to determine the utility of area. The activities which are accessed are expanding forestry applications, wide ecotourism and urban and rural use. In this research AHP as a powerful multicriteria decision making method was used.

Implementation First, all the necessary information and essential maps were collected. After that based on Makhdoom’s ecological model for Iran, all the layers of each user was evaluated. Then, using fuzzy membership functions each map was fuzzified. Fuzzification of criteria map is the best way to consider the uncertainty lies in the maps.After this step, in order to determine the weight of each criterion by AHP method, questionnaires were designed that the preference of each criterion over the other for different uses was assessed by a number of experts in this field. Implementation of AHP was done in Expert Choice software which results in determining the weight of each criterion. Next, the weights assigned to the criteria maps in ArcGIS software. Finally forbidden area for developing land-uses was added to the process. Limitation layer for forestry uses includes residential and urban lands. The output of layers integration function is a map in which all points of utility construction are expressed numerically between 0-1.

According to the results 16% of the area is appropriate for urban and rural development, 8% for the user "wide ecotourism" and 44% is perfectly suitable for forestry. Also, 70% of the area of urban development, 85% for the user "wide ecotourism" and 12% for forestry has been quite favorable.

Tourism, through its many benefits and benefits, is one of the most important levers of development for local and rural communities today, and its development and promotion is agreed upon by all rural development planners and policymakers. The increasing challenges of rural communities, the high importance of tourism in the development of local communities, and the high ability of tourism target villages to attract tourists are three key elements of special attention to tourism development planning in the villages of North Khorasan Province. Therefore, the present quantitative and applied research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical and causal method, has been conducted to investigate the impacts of tourism on local communities and rural development. The statistical population of the study consists of all household heads of eight villages targeted for tourism in North Khorasan province among which 383 persons are considered as statistical sample. The main data gathering tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability was confirmed and SPSS and Amos software were used for data analysis. The results show that the mean score of tourism impact on the local community and the host with a value of 3.195 at 99% confidence level is higher than the average level. The results of the study of rural development status in the study area showed that the mean calculated with 3.157 was significantly higher than the baseline and the level of rural development was also above average. The results of the final model of structural equations modeled the effect of tourism (independent variable) on rural development (dependent variable) in tourism target villages of North Khorasan Province showed that the model is significant at 99% confidence level. In this model, the total impact amount was 0.535, and overall, tourism accounted for about 29% of the variance of rural development in the study area.

Ecological capability assessment is part of the land preparation process by which the capacity of each area is assessed for specific uses and the area's capacity is determined and graded on the basis of scientific components. In this ecological approach, human activities in the territorial area pave the way for each region's capability and potential to achieve sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological potential of agricultural land use in West Azarbaijan province. This study is of applied purpose and of descriptive-analytical methodology. To do this research, using effective information layers and GIS software, effective factors in assessing ecological ability were determined, weighted, evaluated and their layers were drawn and finally an ecological power map was prepared. It was mentioned. The results of the analysis indicate the differences in the ecological potential of the provinces. In the field of agricultural ecological potential, the cities of Urmia, Khoy, Naghadeh, Miandoab have the highest potential due to slope, high soil quality, good temperature and rainfall and low soil erodibility. Be it. In contrast, Sardasht and Chaldaran cities have the least potential. Because of Sardasht city due to high slope and mountainous terrain, impassable highlands and valley and non-flat lands, forest vegetation, low air temperature and high number of frost days and Chaldaran city due to high erosion and abundant rangelands, lands Mountainous and lower rainfall have lower agricultural capacity than other cities in the province.impassable highlands and valley and non-flat lands, forest vegetation, low air temperature and high number of frost days and Chaldaran city due to high erosion and abundant rangelands, lands Mountainous and lower rainfall have lower agricultural capacity than other cities in the province.

An ecosystem is considered to be one of the cornerstones of human life, with its evolution and development in the world. The phenomenon of climate change, which is mainly related to the increase of air pollutants in the atmosphere, is one of the most prominent examples in this regard. Climate change is any change in the climate component such as temperature, precipitation and wind that occurs over many decades. The use of energy carriers is a major contributor to the emission of air pollutants and thus affects climate change. Climate change also has costs for different sectors of the economy, which increase energy consumption from its examples. Since Iran has been exposed to severe climate change in recent years and energy consumption in its various economic sectors has risen and is one of the most important countries in the field of air pollutants emission, in this study, Investigating causality The interactions between climate change and energy consumption in different economic sectors are addressed. For this purpose, temperature and precipitation data and energy consumption of 28 provinces have been used for the period 1370 to 1395. To investigate the two-way causality between climate change and energy consumption, the Toda-Yamamoto causality method, which is an adjusted Var, is used. The estimated results showed that during the studied period, there is no causal relationship between climate change and energy consumption in the main sectors of Iran's economy, and there is only one-way uncertainty about temperature on energy consumption in the agricultural sector and energy consumption in the domestic and commercial sectors, And also for provinces with higher than average temperatures there is a stronger and more bilateral causality between energy consumption and climate change variables (temperature and precipitation), and on the other hand, increasing energy consumption increases the amount of 〖co〗_2(carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere

One of the most important and most common natural disasters that has always threatened the lives of human communities is the flood, which is the second most damaging event after an earthquake. In this regard, our country is one of the ten most vulnerable countries in the world due to natural disasters, because over the last 90 years, 120,000 of our compatriots have died. With the increase in natural disasters, the issue of vulnerability and resilience that shows the power of cities and regions against disasters is becoming increasingly important today. The purpose of this study was to investigate urban resilience using spatial analysis in Aq Qala city whose statistical blocks were prepared through the National Statistics Center of Iran based on the Census of 1395 and 13 indicators in economic, social and economic dimensions. Anatomical maps and maps were extracted and evaluated using Arc GIS 10.4 software and Hot Spot Analysis to identify statistical blocks of vulnerable neighborhoods. The results show that in statistical blocks, unemployment indices, mortgages and rentals, female population, population under 9 years, illiteracy, immigration, household head status, type of building materials, nonstandard housing and type The building structures have a similar situation and most of them are Khelabad, Eidgah, Delijah and Hakimabad, and neighborhoods such as Mohammad Abad, Treasury, are much less vulnerable. But in terms of indices of houses up to 200 square meters that were built, the neighborhoods of Mohammad Aleqh, Tana and Eliasabad are in critical condition as well as the population index over 65 years old, Deliae district and parts of Treasury, Eliasabad. And Hakimabad are at greater risk and vulnerability, and the resiliency is lower in the areas mentioned.

Physical-Spatial Analysis of Hamadan Urban Areas Based on Integration of Smart Growth Indicators. Urban growth management improves the economic and social paths using smart growth principles which surveys expanding new urban development through stabilizing and revitalizing existing neighborhoods. In fact, smart growth is a planning theory that emphasizes stopping the spreading of the city.This study aims to analyze and evaluate four regions of Hamadan city’s acquiring of different smart growth indicators. This study is applied research in terms of objective and descriptive in terms of method and the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model is used for spatial analysis of urban smart growth indicators. This study is applied research in terms of objective and descriptive in terms of method and the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model is used for spatial analysis of urban smart growth indicators. The results indicate that area one with TOPSIS combined score of 0.7569 ranked first (acquired), area two with TOPSIS score of 0.5143 ranked second (semi-acquired) area three with TOPSIS score of 0.4669 ranked third (deprived) and area four with TOPSIS score of 0.3136 ranked fourth (deprived). Therefore, the distribution of smart growth indicators in Hamadan city has not been fairly distributed, and there is a great difference among the Hamadan city districts so that there are all types of acquired, semi-acquired and deprived zoning in the four districts of Hamadan. In addition, population distribution indicates that the population density has been very high in the areas close to the city center of Hamadan (Imam Khomeini Square) and the first and second rings, and the population density has gradually decreased in the outskirts. Keyword: urban sprawl, smart growth, density, topsis model, hamedan

Accurate using of land and water is the effective step in controlling the erosion, soil ruin and developing the agriculture. Flood has been one of the existed phenomenon in the nature which human has been seen since the past. Iran, because of wide area, different climates and change landuses in most watersheds, has increasingly experienced severe floods. Feasibility study of flood and evaluating the sensitive place prone to flood is the main step for controlling and managing the flood and utilizing it. Gorganroud Basin in Golestan province, that is one of the areas which has experienced several floods during the last years, and because of mismanagement, it has caused to several life and property losses to the residents of this area. In this study After identifying effective factors in flood hazard (slope, digital elevation model, permeability, Soil hydrologic group, Runoff potential, Curve number, distance from the stream, land use, vegetation cover density), criteria and subcriteria weight were calculated using pairwise comparisons and experts’ comments as well as ANP. Watershed flood hazard potential was zoned and finally, the watershed was categorized into five classes based on flood hazard risk. The results of flood hazard risk zonation indicate that classes 1 and 2 (very high and high risk) are generally located in North, North East and South East areas and include about 20% of the region. the results of the study were supplied for recognizing the area with high possibility of flooding in Kaleybar Chay basin and the provided maps will be used in executive organizations (governorate, natural resources, …) for logistics planning and controlling the flood.

The Emerging Theory of Urban Resilience, With a Comprehensive Look at All Community Capacities, is Replacing Inefficient Traditional Crisis Management Methods. This study investigates its resistance with regard to the important position of Isfahan metropolis in Iran's urban hierarchy, focusing on artificial environment, especially urban morphology and planning. In this regard, after selection and localization of the indices, in a holistic approach, three independent evaluation methods, including "field and statistical survey", "interviewing experts using Delphi method" and "family opinion survey using 1990 questionnaires", were used for resilience analysis. The methods of statistical analysis, canonical correlation and multivariate regression and SPSS and R-aided software were used. Surveys show a direct and appropriate correlation between the proposed and resilient indicators of "physical-spatial". The studies also show that the resilience values in the "physical-spatial" dimension of the Isfahan metropolitan area are close to average with values of 2.66. We used a five-level Likert scale of 1 (very low) to 5 (excellent). Also, based on the results, the first priority in planning resilience in terms of quantity is the "physical-spatial" dimension and in this dimension, the "Urban planning and morphology" Index, with a score of 2.53, tops the resiliency planning agenda. After that, the "accessibility index" comes in second with a value of 2.61 and finally the "quality of housing" area with a value of 2.69 is in the third priority of planning. The coefficients of the indexes in the "Resilience Predictive Regression Model" with 0.264 for the "Urban planning and morphology" index, 0.164 for the "Housing Quality Index" and with a very low difference, 0.162 for the "Accessibility Index", the same Results Confirms ranking in terms of the weight of the indicators. These results underscore the central role of 'urban planning' in promoting resilience of cities in the event of crises.